Articles

Page 5 of 8

• Python

  Read a Python traceback and repair the failing assumption

  Trace a KeyError through three function calls, identify the broken input contract and verify a repair without swallowing unrelated exceptions.

  troubleshootingOctober 24, 20264 min read

• Deep Learning

  RNN vs LSTM vs GRU: trace states through a short sequence

  Inspect recurrent output shapes, hidden and cell states, parameter counts and order sensitivity using controlled PyTorch modules.

  comparisonOctober 24, 20264 min read

• Machine Learning

  ROC AUC vs PR AUC: inspect what changes with class balance

  Compare ROC AUC, average precision and trapezoidal PR area on an explicit ranking, then change prevalence while preserving class-conditional scores.

  comparisonOctober 24, 20264 min read

• Machine Learning

  Scaling vs normalization: feature statistics or row lengths

  Compare StandardScaler, MinMaxScaler and Normalizer inside a fixed training split, and show why the word normalization needs a precise definition.

  comparisonOctober 24, 20264 min read

• Data Tools

  scikit-learn fit, transform and predict: what each method does

  fit learns from training data, transform applies that learning, predict outputs answers. See a table, runnable code and why test data gets transform only.

  tutorialOctober 24, 20268 min read

• Machine Learning

  Time series forecasting in machine learning: start with persistence and seasonal baselines

  Compare fixed-origin persistence and weekly seasonal-naive forecasts on chronological development and test windows, with explicit dates and errors.

  tutorialOctober 24, 20264 min read

• Generative AI

  Tokenization and context windows: budget the formatted conversation

  Count tokens with a pinned open-model tokenizer, inspect chat-template overhead and reserve room for generated output.

  tutorialOctober 24, 20264 min read

• Generative AI

  Validate structured LLM outputs in Python: syntax, schema and evidence

  Test an extraction boundary with malformed JSON, wrong types and schema-valid mistakes, using an offline validator and explicit source facts.

  tutorialOctober 24, 20264 min read

• Machine Learning

  Machine learning for business analytics: start with the decision, then the model

  Plan a useful machine learning project for business analytics: define a decision, compare a rule, choose data and evaluate errors with a worked example.

  explanationOctober 17, 20266 min read